I. ECF volume contracted
A. Extrarenal Na+ loss
1. Gastrointestinal (vomiting, nasogastric suction, drainage, fistula, diarrhea)
2. Skin/respiratory (insensible losses, sweat, burns)
3. Hemorrhage
B. Renal Na+ and water loss
1. Diuretics
2. Osmotic diuresis
3. Hypoaldosteronism
4. Salt-wasting nephropathies
C. Renal water loss
1. Diabetes insipidus (central or nephrogenic)
II. ECF volume normal or expanded
A. Decreased cardiac output
1. Myocardial, valvular, or pericardial disease
B. Redistribution
1. Hypoalbuminemia (hepatic cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome)
2. Capillary leak (acute pancreatitis, ischemic bowel, rhabdomyolysis)
C. Increased venous capacitance
1. Sepsis
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